\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0642\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0628\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u00bb.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0645\u0651\u064c \u063a\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0632\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n
\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u00ab\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0621\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0630\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062c \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u063a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u00bb<\/p>\n
\u00abThe Theory of Evolution\u00bb or \u00abDarwin\u2019s Theory of Evolution\u00bb<\/p>\n
\u064a\u0638\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u00abCharles Darwin\u00bb \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0623 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u00ab\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u00bb
\u00abThe Origin of Species\u00bb
\u0639\u0627\u0645 1859 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u00ab\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u00abThe Descent of Man\u00bb\u00a0 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1871\u0631.<\/p>\n
\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u00abNatural Selection\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0629\u00a0 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621\u00bb \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00abTheory\u00bb \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 <\/strong>Theory<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u064e\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00bb \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u00abLaws\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u00abHypotheses\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0649\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u00abTentative\u00bb \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u2013 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 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\u0648\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u00abopinions\u00bb \u0644\u0627 \u0643\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00abScientific Theory\u00bb \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u00abObservation\u00bb \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00a0 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621\u00bb\u00a0 \u00abEvolution\u00bb\u00a0 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642. \u0641\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0647\u0634\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0629:<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621\u00bb \u00abScience vs. Evolution\u00bb \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u00abM. Bowden\u00bb.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u00abEvolution Theory In Chrisis\u00bb \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u00abM. Denton\u00bb.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621\u00bb \u00abThe Case Against Evolution\u00bb \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u00abG.O.Toole\u00bb.<\/p>\n \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0646\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064f\u062c\u0629\u00bb. \u00a0\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621\u00bb \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u2013\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u2013 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 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\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0636\u0639.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062f \u2013 \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a <\/strong><\/p>\n \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u00abProkaryote\u00bb\u00a0 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u00abThe Case Against Evolution\u00bb\u00a0 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u00abG.O.Toole\u00bb \u0635 143.<\/p>\n \u0647\u0640 – \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0622\u062e\u0631 <\/strong><\/p>\n \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0644\u00bb \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 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1861\u0631.<\/p>\n \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0649\u0621 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0633\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u0636\u064f \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u064f\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0639\u0648 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The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved in 50 Arguments
\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u00abW. Williams\u00bb.<\/p>\n
Extinct Plants and Problems of Evolution
\u00a0\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u00abD. Scott\u00bb.<\/p>\n
The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved in 50 Arguments\u060c
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\u00abThe Case Against Evolution\u00bb \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u00abG.O.Toole\u00bb \u0635 288 \u2013 290.<\/p>\n
\u00abFred Hoyle\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u00abCambridge\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u00bb\u00a0 \u00abThe Intelligent Universe\u00bb \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0647: \u00ab\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061f \u0644\u0627… \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u061f \u0644\u0627… \u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629\u061f \u0644\u0627..\u00bb \u0627\u0647\u0640 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u00bb
\u00abDarwin and his Critics\u00bb \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064e\u0644\u00bb \u0635 292.\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u00bb \u0639\u062f\u062f 1990\/8\/19\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u00bb \u00abThe Intelligent Universe\u00bb\u00a0 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0644\u00bb \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u00bb.<\/p>\n